Scholarship outside China generally ed hardy bags

Wysłany: Sob 11:20, 19 Mar 2011

Scholarship outside China generally regards Tibet as having been independent during the Ming Dynasty, whereas historians in China today take an opposing point of view.[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] The Mingshi —?the official history of the Ming Dynasty compiled later by the Qing Dynasty in 1739?— states that the Ming established itinerant commanderies overseeing Tibetan administration while also renewing titles of ex-Yuan Dynasty officials from Tibet and conferring new princely titles on leaders of Tibet's Buddhist sects.[34] However, Turrell V. Wylie states thatcensorship in the Mingshi in favor of bolstering the Ming emperor's prestige and reputation at all costs obfuscates the nuanced history of Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming era.[35]
Modern scholars still debate on whether or not the Ming Dynasty really had sovereignty over Tibet at all, as some believe it was a relationship of loose suzerainty which was largely cut off when the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–67) persecuted Buddhism in favor of Daoismat court.[35][36][37] Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance.[38]Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain disagree,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] stating that Ming China had sovereignty over Tibetans who did not inherit Ming titles, but were forced to travel to Beijing to renew them.[39] Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet since the various titles given to Tibetan leaders already in power did not confer authority as earlier Mongol Yuan titles had; according to him, "the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality."[40]? Some scholars argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship.[41][42] Others underscore the commercial aspect of the relationship, noting the Ming Dynasty's insufficient amount of horses and the need to maintain the tea-horse trade with Tibet.[43][44][45][46][47] Scholars also debate on how much power and influence —?if any?— the Ming Dynasty court had over the de factosuccessive ruling families of Tibet,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] the Phagmodru (1354–436), Rinbung (1436–565), and Tsangpa (1565–642).

Wysłany: Śro 17:02, 30 Mar 2011

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