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Wysłany: Sob 19:38, 19 Mar 2011

Proteins are the chief actors within the cell, said to be carrying out the duties specified by the information encoded in genes.[9] With the exception of certain types of RNA, most other biological molecules are relatively inert elements upon which proteins act. Proteins make up half the dry weight of an Escherichia colicell,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] whereas other macromolecules such as DNA and RNA make up only 3% and 20%, respectively.[26] The set of proteins expressed in a particular cell or cell type is known as its proteome.
The chief characteristic of proteins that also allows their diverse set of functions is their ability to bind other molecules specifically and tightly. The region of the protein responsible for binding another molecule is known as the binding site and is often a depression or "pocket" on the molecular surface. This binding ability is mediated by the tertiary structure of the protein, which defines the binding site pocket, and by the chemical properties of the surrounding amino acids' side chains. Protein binding can be extraordinarily tight and specific; for example, the ribonuclease inhibitor protein binds to human angiogenin with a sub-femtomolardissociation constant (<10>1 M). Extremely minor chemical changes such as the addition of a single methyl group to a binding partner can sometimes suffice to nearly eliminate binding;[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] for example,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase specific to the amino acid valinediscriminates against the very similar side chain of the amino acid isoleucine.[27]
Proteins can bind to other proteins as well as to small-molecule substrates. When proteins bind specifically to other copies of the same molecule, they can oligomerize to form fibrils; this process occurs often in structural proteins that consist of globular monomers that self-associate to form rigid fibers. Protein–protein interactions also regulate enzymatic activity, control progression through the cell cycle, and allow the assembly of large protein complexes that carry out many closely related reactions with a common biological function. Proteins can also bind to, or even be integrated into, cell membranes. The ability of binding partners to induce conformational changes in proteins allows the construction of enormously complex signalingnetworks.[28] Importantly, as interactions between proteins are reversible,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] and depend heavily on the availability of different groups of partner proteins to form aggregates that are capable to carry out discrete sets of function, study of the interactions between specific proteins is a key to understand important aspects of cellular function, and ultimately the properties that distinguish particular cell types.

Dołączył: 02 Mar 2011 Posty: 42 Przeczytał: 0 tematów Skąd: England

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n asked which foreign writer she could best relate to, Wang Anyi answered, "Toni Morrison. Her feminism is most appealing to me for she takes into accounts not only gender but also race and class". The connection between two of the best-known women writers in the United States and China demonstrates the inevitability of transnational literary encounters. Separated by the Pacific, Morrison and Wang do not speak each other's language nor write directly to Omega Speedmaster Replica Watches each other, but their literary works have been transmitted through worldwide media, translations, and conferences. Their connection illustrates how effective feminist criticism would be, if writers and critics could connect through dialogues.
Better still, if feminist literary critics could take it as a serious enterprise to listen to the writers under study, they could further enrich already gendered reading of world literature. In Wang's case, if all Western critics had interpreted her fiction in accordance with her writing philosophy and the cultural and historical specificities in her works, then she would not have singled out Morrison's [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] feminism as the only type she could relate to. Instead, she and her cohort, Post-Mao women writers,1 would have appreciated Western feminist representations of their literature. Since the late 1980s, Western critics' interest in Chinese women's life, history, [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] and writing has exploded. Recognized as milestones in modern Chinese literature, Post-Mao women's novels have become classics in American colleges for [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] teaching about Chinese women. Anyone who wishes to study Chinese women and their literature ends up reading these writers. More important, Post-Mao women's writing careers spanning three decades have put them at Tag Heuer Replica Watches the forefront of Chinese literary evolution. Also called nuxingzuojia, these writers have been writing passionately about women in [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] their fiction, speaking for women in other forms, and vehemently criticizing gender discrimination. Almost all of their works can be considered feminist in [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] the sense that they showcase Chinese women's issues and daily material lives.
Yet baffling their Western sisters, almost all Post-Mao women writers deny that they are feminists. For example, Wang Anyi declares that she is not a feminist, and reflects on her contact with feminism: "The feminist standpoint I know is mostly imported from the West. Consequently, many feminists look at China from a Western point of view. Their standpoints are different. Similarly, of the seven women writers of Wang's immediate cohort whose essays on gender I have anthologized, four of them deny that they are feminists. The ostensible contradiction between their "antifeminist" position and their feminist writing has confounded Western critics. Since the early 1990s, their rejection of Western feminism has undergone intensive examination, but with little agreement.
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